Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Lactobacillus
Species: L. rhamnosus
Binomial name
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
(Hansen 1968)
Collins et al. 1989

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a bacterium that was originally considered to be a subspecies of L. casei, but later genetic research found it to be a species of its own. Some strains of L. rhamnosus are being used as probiotics. The species is sometimes used in yogurt and other dairy products. Some studies have been done on its in vivo effects. While frequently considered a beneficial organism, L. rhamnosus has been discovered to be pathogenic in certain circumstances.[1]

Contents

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) is a strain of L. rhamnosus isolated in 1983 from the intestinal tract of a healthy human being; filed for patent on 17 April 1985, by Sherwood Gorbach and Barry Goldin.[2] (The 'GG' derives from the first letters of their surnames').[3] The patent refers to a strain of "L. acidophilus GG" with American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Accession No. 53103; later reclassified as a strain of L. rhamnosus. The patent claims the L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) strain is acid– and bile–stable, has a great avidity for human intestinal mucosal cells, and produces lactic acid.

Gorbach and Goldin have published studies of L. rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) demonstrating it tolerates the acidic conditions of the stomach, and the bile acids of the small intestine.[4] As a probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is claimed to colonize the digestive tract, and to balance intestinal microflora; however, Lactobacillus rhamnosus is more likely a transient inhabitant, not autochthonous.[5] In 2005, L. rhamnosus GG was first successfully used to treat gastrointestinal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) in renal patients.[6]

The clinical health effects of L. rhamnosus GG have been widely studied. Both L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus GR-1 appear to protect the urogenital tract by excreting biosurfactants to inhibit the adhesion of vaginal and urinary pathogens. Lactobacillus also releases acids, bacteriocins, and hydrogen peroxide which inhibit the pathogen growth. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG has also been shown beneficial in the prevention of rotavirus diarrhea in children. The prevention and treatment of various types of diarrhea has been shown both in children and in adults.[7][8][9] L. rhamnosus GG has also been associated with a reduction in the risk of respiratory tract infections in children.[10][11]

The use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for probiotic therapy has been linked with very rare cases of sepsis in certain risk groups, primarily immunocompromised or infants.[12] Ingestion of L. rhamnosus GG is, nevertheless, considered to be safe, and data from Finland show a significant growth in the consumption of L. rhamnosus GG at the population level has not led to an increase in the number of Lactobacillus bacteraemia cases.[13]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG has also shown potential in treatment and primary prevention of atopic dermatitis, but the results of intervention trials have been mixed.[14] A clinical trial with seven-year follow-up shows L. rhamnosus GG is useful in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children at high risk of allergy.[15][16]

The genome sequence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) has been decoded.[17][18]

In 1990, Finnish company Valio launched Valio Gefilus, a family of products containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103), for which they also use the trademark LGG.[19] Valio has licenced rights to LGG to several companies, including Amerifit Brands in the United States (Culturelle),[20] Oriola in Finland (Gefilus and LGG) and Dukat in Croatia (LGG).[21]

Effects on anxiety

Research published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on August 29th, 2011 reported this bacterium may have an effect on GABA neurotransmitter receptors. Mice that were fed L. rhamnosus had less anxiety and had different levels of a brain-chemical sensor and stress hormones.[22]

References

  1. ^ Avlami A, Kordossis T, Vrizidis N, Sipsas NV (2001). "Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis complicating colonoscopy". J. Infect. 42 (4): 283–5. doi:10.1053/jinf.2001.0793. PMID 11545575. 
  2. ^ US 4839281 
  3. ^ Silva M, Jacobus NV, Deneke C, Gorbach SL (1987). "Antimicrobial substance from a human Lactobacillus strain". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 31 (8): 1231–3. PMC 174909. PMID 3307619. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=174909. 
  4. ^ Conway PL, Gorbach SL, Goldin BR (1987). "Survival of lactic acid bacteria in the human stomach and adhesion to intestinal cells". J. Dairy Sci. 70 (1): 1–12. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)79974-3. PMID 3106442. 
  5. ^ Walter, J. (2008). "The ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: Implications for fundamental and biomedical research". Appl Environ Microbiol. Ahead of Print 6 June 2008. 
  6. ^ Manley KJ, Fraenkel MB, Mayall BC, Power DA (2007). "Probiotic treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a randomised controlled trial". Med J Aust. 186 (9): 454–7. PMID 17484706. 
  7. ^ Canaani, RB; Cirillo P, Terrin G, Cesarano L, Spagnuolo MI, De Vincenzo A, Albano F, Passariello A, De Marco G, Manguso F, Guarino A (2007). "Probiotics for treatment of accute diarrhoea in children: randomised clinical trial of five different preparations". BMJ 335 (7615): 340. doi:10.1136/bmj.39272.581736.55. PMC 1949444. PMID 17690340. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1949444. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  8. ^ Österlund, P; Ruotsalainen T, Korpela R, Saxelin M, Ollus A, Valta P, Kouri M, Elomaa I, Joensuu H (2007). "Lactobacillus supplementation for diarrhoea related to chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: a randomised study". Br. J. Cancer 97 (8): 1028–34. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603990. PMC 2360429. PMID 17895895. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2360429. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  9. ^ Guandalini, S; Pensabene L, Zikri MA, Dias JA, Casali LG, Hoekstra H, Kolacek S, Massar K, Micetic-Turk D, Papadopoulou A, de Sousa JS, Sandhu B, Szajewska H, Weizman Z (2000). "Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: a multicenter European trial". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 30 (1): 54–60. doi:10.1097/00005176-200001000-00018. PMID 10630440. 
  10. ^ Hojsak, I; Snovak N, Abdović S, Szajewska H, Mišak Z, Kolaček S (2009). "Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in children who attend day care centers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Clin. Nutr. 29 (3): 312–6. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.09.008. PMID 19896252. 
  11. ^ Hatakka, K; Savilahti E, Pönkä A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Näse L, Saxelin M, Korpela R (2001). "Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial". BMJ 322 (7238): 1327. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1327. PMC 32161. PMID 11387176. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32161. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 
  12. ^ Gupta, V; Garg, R (2009). "Probiotics". Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 27 (3): 202–9. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.53201. PMID 19584499. 
  13. ^ Salminen, MK; Tynkkynen S, Rautelin H, Saxelin M, Vaara M, Ruutu P, Sarna S, Valtonen V, Järvinen A (2002). "Lactobacillus bacteremia during a rapid increase in probiotic use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Finland". Clin. Infect. Dis. 35 (10): 1155–60. doi:10.1086/342912. PMID 12410474. 
  14. ^ Boyle RJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Leonardi-Bee J, Murrell DF, Tang ML (2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of eczema: a systematic review.". Clin Exp Allergy. 39 (8): 1117–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03305.x. PMID 19573037. 
  15. ^ Kalliomäki, M; Salminen S, Poussa T, Isolauri E (2007). "Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 119 (4): 1019–21. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.608. PMID 17289135. 
  16. ^ Kalliomäki, M; Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E (2001). "Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet 357 (9262): 1076–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04259-8. PMID 11297958. 
  17. ^ Kankainen M, et al. (2009). "Comparative genomic analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reveals pili containing a human- mucus binding protein". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (40): 17193–8. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908876106. PMC 2746127. PMID 19805152. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2746127. 
  18. ^ Morita H, Toh H, Oshima K, Murakami M, Taylor TD, Igimi S, Hattori M (2009). "Complete genome sequence of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103". J Bacteriol. 191 (24): 7630–1. doi:10.1128/JB.01287-09. PMC 2786603. PMID 19820099. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2786603. 
  19. ^ "Gefilus". Valio Ltd. http://www.valio.fi/portal/page/portal/valiocom/R_D/Nutritional_research/gefilus18082006094606. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
  20. ^ "Culturelle vs. Other Probiotics". Amerifit Brands. http://www.culturelle.com/about_culturelle/culturelle_vs_others. Retrieved 2009-06-12. 
  21. ^ "Gefilus kapselit". http://www.gefiluskapselit.fi/. Retrieved 2009-12-02. 
  22. ^ [http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/333870/title/Belly_bacteria_boss_the_brain Science News, Belly bacteria boss the brain, August 29th, 2011

Further reading

Salminen MK, Rautelin H, Tynkkynen S, et al. (2004). "Lactobacillus bacteremia, clinical significance, and patient outcome, with special focus on probiotic L. rhamnosus GG". Clin. Infect. Dis. 38 (1): 62–9. doi:10.1086/380455. PMID 14679449. 

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